Another method of achieving “European” porcelain, particularly used in Holland and Britain, was to import Chinese porcelain “in the white” or with underglaze blue decoration, then to embellish them locally with overglaze enamelling. This was carried out several decades before locally made porcelain was available.

Chinese  porcelain from early 18th century
overpainted in Holland, tea bowl and saucer
with cherry-picker pattern, dish original erased
and entirely repainted - courtesy
R&G McPherson Antiques, and “Over decorated
blue and white plate” - courtesy Glade Antiques

The Dutch traders also brought back red, unglazed, Yixing or Yi-hsing stoneware teapots in the 17th century that had excellent heat-preserving properties favoured by the Chinese for brewing tea. They were copied in Holland and later in England.

Germany

One of the earliest distinctively German earthenware products around 1350 AD was the stove-maker’s tile. They were moulded with relief decoration and covered in green lead glaze and built up into the large, elaborate stoves used to make large draughty houses tolerable in the winters.

Catherine Palace heater,
18th century - source
Wikipedia via Stan Stubs

The potters then expanded into making jugs and other vessels. By the mid 16th century some potters used clay threads in the cloisonné style to separate coloured glazes, improving the quality of the decoration by avoiding the glazes running during firing, while others used incisions for the same purpose. Tin glazing came into use around 1500 AD on the stove tiles, and later a number of German potteries produced Delftware (or faience) pots. The earliest commercial one was at Nurnberg, which started copying the Italian style. The earliest polychrome decoration on German faience was around 1690 AD by an independent decorator Abraham Helmhack. He was a glass painter, who bought undecorated faience from the potteries, decorated it, and used a small muffle kiln at his home for firing. A pottery at Hanau, near Frankfurt, operated from 1661 to 1806 AD. Their early wares were decorated with Chinese motifs, and in the mid 18th century, realistic flowers mainly in blue and purple appeared.

German faience bottle vase in Chinese
style, 1680-90 AD - source Listantiques

They also made long-necked jugs, often having pewter lids that were decorated with landscapes and biblical scenes. Perhaps the finest 18th century faience was made at Hochst, between Mainz and Frankfurt, which operated from 1746 to 1796. Decoration was in overglaze colours of landscapes, figures, flowers and Chinoiserie. Hochst came under the control of the Archbishop Elector of Mainz, who had to take over in 1778 to save it from bankruptcy.

Stoneware was developed in Europe in the Rhineland, Germany, with proto-stoneware as early as the 12th century. Salt glazing was discovered there and used on stoneware in the 13/14th century, and by the 16th century coloured pigments were added to produce various colours including brown, purple and blue. Important centres were the Cologne area and Siegberg, both starting with unglazed wares in the 14th century, and Raeren, Flanders, that started in the 15th century providing only glazed wares. They produced tall, slender jugs and tankards with grooved bodies and splayed, often frilled, bases.

16th century German stoneware, utility jug
- courtesy R&G McPherson Antiques,
and saltglazed mugs - source mugimages

Some of the decoration was in fine relief, quite elaborate and in the Gothic style. The thin glaze emphasised the sharpness of the relief decoration. Motifs included oak leaves, coats of arms and biblical scenes. Some tankards were provided with pewter or silver mounts and, as laws in Germany following the plague required lids to be put on drinking vessels, these were added.